{"id":1284,"date":"2023-09-12T13:22:08","date_gmt":"2023-09-12T13:22:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/?p=13"},"modified":"2026-07-31T16:11:30","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T16:11:30","slug":"hire-a-ghostwriter-to-write-your-book","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/hire-a-ghostwriter-to-write-your-book\/","title":{"rendered":"Hire a Ghostwriter to Write Your Book: Top 5 Best Ways to Do It"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Plenty of people carry a book inside them and never get it onto the page. Maybe the idea is clear but the writing craft is not there yet. Maybe the story is vivid in your head but you cannot find twenty spare hours a week to shape it into a manuscript. Whatever the reason, you do not have to give up on the book. You can hire a ghostwriter to write your book for you, working from your ideas, your voice, and your goals, while you keep full authorship and every royalty. This guide walks through what a ghostwriter actually does, what the service costs, where to find a good one, how to vet candidates, and how to protect yourself so the finished book truly feels like yours.<\/p>\n<h2>What a ghostwriter really does<\/h2>\n<p>A ghostwriter is a professional author you pay to write a book that is published under your name. They do the drafting, structuring, and polishing, and they stay invisible. You keep the copyright, the credit, and the income. Think of it as a collaboration where you supply the vision and the raw material, and the writer supplies the craft, the discipline, and the finished prose.<\/p>\n<p>The arrangement is completely legal and far more common than most readers assume. Many celebrity memoirs, business leadership books, and even novels are ghostwritten. As the reference material at <a href=\"https:\/\/reedsy.com\/ghostwriting\/book-ghostwriter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reedsy&#8217;s guide to book ghostwriting<\/a> explains, the practice has a long and respectable history, and a clear written agreement is what keeps everything above board.<\/p>\n<p>Ghostwriting is not the same as editing. An editor improves work you have already written. A ghostwriter creates the manuscript from the ground up, usually starting with interviews, notes, outlines, or a rough draft you provide. If you already have a full draft that simply needs tightening, you may need <a href=\"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/professional-book-editing-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">professional book editing services<\/a> instead, which cost far less than a full ghostwrite.<\/p>\n<h2>Signs it is time to hire a ghostwriter<\/h2>\n<p>Not every author needs one. You should seriously consider hiring a ghostwriter to write your book if any of the following sound familiar.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You have a strong idea and real expertise, but writing is not your craft and never will be.<\/li>\n<li>Your schedule is full. Many people with the best book ideas are busy founders, executives, doctors, or retirees with rich life experience and very little free time.<\/li>\n<li>You have started and stalled more than once, and the unfinished draft has been sitting untouched for months.<\/li>\n<li>You need the book done to a professional standard and on a deadline, for a launch, a business goal, or a legacy project.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Writing a full-length book is a genuine craft that takes many people years to master. There is no shame in handing the drafting to someone who does it every day, the same way you would hire an architect rather than design your own house.<\/p>\n<h2>How much does it cost to hire a ghostwriter?<\/h2>\n<p>This is the first question most authors ask, and the honest answer is that the range is wide. Price depends on the book&#8217;s length, the genre, the amount of research required, and the writer&#8217;s track record. Based on current industry figures, you can expect roughly the following.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Full-length nonfiction and business books:<\/strong> often $18,000 to $50,000, and considerably more for writers with bestsellers behind them.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Novels and fiction:<\/strong> commonly $3,500 to $30,000 depending on length and complexity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Memoir:<\/strong> frequently $30,000 and up, because memoir demands many hours of interviews and careful handling of a real life.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Children&#8217;s picture books:<\/strong> usually much lower, often $1,500 to $5,000, since the word count is small.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Established specialists and celebrity-level writers can command $50,000 to well over $100,000. For a fuller breakdown of what drives these numbers, the rate guides at <a href=\"https:\/\/scribemedia.com\/blog\/how-much-does-it-cost-to-ghostwrite-a-book\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scribe Media&#8217;s ghostwriting cost article<\/a> are a useful reality check. The key point is that a serious book is a serious investment, and prices that look too good to be true usually are. A ghostwriting company that offers to write your novel for a few hundred dollars is almost always outsourcing to inexperienced writers, and the result tends to show it.<\/p>\n<h2>Where to find a ghostwriter<\/h2>\n<p>Once you accept the investment, the next step is finding the right person or team. There are three main routes, and each has trade-offs.<\/p>\n<h3>Freelance marketplaces<\/h3>\n<p>Sites like Upwork and Fiverr list thousands of freelance ghostwriters at every price point. The upside is choice and transparency of reviews. The downside is that the quality is all over the map, and you will need to filter hard to find someone who can actually carry a full book. Read samples, not just star ratings.<\/p>\n<h3>Curated networks and agencies<\/h3>\n<p>Vetted networks such as Reedsy, plus dedicated ghostwriting agencies, pre-screen their writers so you start from a higher baseline. You pay more, but you save time and reduce risk. This route suits authors who want a managed process rather than a hunt.<\/p>\n<h3>Specialist publishing companies<\/h3>\n<p>A full-service company can pair ghostwriting with editing, cover design, and release, so one team carries the book from idea to finished product. If you would rather not stitch together freelancers, our <a href=\"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/novel-writing-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">novel writing services<\/a> and dedicated support for <a href=\"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/memoir-writers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memoir writers<\/a> handle the drafting while keeping you in the author&#8217;s seat the whole way through.<\/p>\n<h2>How to vet a ghostwriter before you hire<\/h2>\n<p>Choosing a ghostwriter is a hiring decision, so treat it like one. A polished website is not proof of skill. The writing is. Work through this checklist before you sign anything.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Read real samples.<\/strong> Ask for excerpts of books they have actually ghostwritten, or a paid test chapter based on your material. Voice matters more than a fancy portfolio.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Match the genre.<\/strong> A gifted business writer may not have the instincts for a fantasy novel, and vice versa. Hire for the specific book you want.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Check references and reviews.<\/strong> Look beyond testimonials on the writer&#8217;s own site. Independent reviews on Google, Trustpilot, and similar platforms tell a fuller story.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Talk to them.<\/strong> You will be working closely for months. If communication feels awkward or slow during the sales stage, it will not improve later.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confirm the process.<\/strong> A professional should be able to explain their milestones, revision rounds, and timeline without hesitation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The advice at <a href=\"https:\/\/janefriedman.com\/hiring-ghostwriter\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jane Friedman&#8217;s guide on hiring a ghostwriter<\/a> is worth reading in full, because it comes from decades inside the publishing industry and sets sensible expectations about involvement and pacing.<\/p>\n<h2>What the ghostwriting process looks like<\/h2>\n<p>Understanding the workflow helps you spot professionals and avoid amateurs. A well-run ghostwrite usually moves through these stages.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Discovery.<\/strong> You share your idea, goals, audience, and any existing notes or drafts. The writer asks a lot of questions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Interviews and research.<\/strong> Especially for memoir and nonfiction, the writer records conversations with you to capture your voice, stories, and expertise.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Outline.<\/strong> Before any chapters are written, you approve a detailed structure so there are no surprises later.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Drafting.<\/strong> The writer produces the manuscript in batches, usually a chapter or a few chapters at a time.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Revisions.<\/strong> You read each batch and give notes. Good agreements include a set number of revision rounds.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Final polish and handoff.<\/strong> The completed manuscript is proofed and delivered to you, ready for editing and publishing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Expect a typical book to take three to nine months. Your own availability for interviews and feedback is often the biggest factor in how fast it moves.<\/p>\n<h2>Protect yourself with a clear contract<\/h2>\n<p>The single most important document in any ghostwriting project is the contract. Never work on a handshake. A solid agreement should spell out the following in plain language.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Copyright and credit.<\/strong> Confirm in writing that you own the finished work and hold the copyright, and that the writer waives any claim to authorship.<\/li>\n<li><strong>A confidentiality or non-disclosure clause,<\/strong> so the ghostwriter cannot reveal that they wrote the book unless you both agree otherwise.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Scope and deliverables,<\/strong> including word count, number of chapters, and how many revision rounds are covered.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Payment schedule,<\/strong> usually tied to milestones rather than paid all at once up front.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Timeline and exit terms,<\/strong> so both sides know what happens if the project stalls or ends early.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Getting these points on paper turns a leap of faith into a professional transaction. It protects your investment and gives the writer clear expectations too.<\/p>\n<h2>After the manuscript: editing, publishing, and beyond<\/h2>\n<p>A finished draft is a milestone, not the finish line. Even the best ghostwritten manuscript benefits from a fresh editorial pass, a professional cover, and a real publishing plan. Many authors underestimate this final stretch and let a strong manuscript fizzle because it was never properly produced or promoted.<\/p>\n<p>If you want the whole journey handled under one roof, our <a href=\"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/book-publishing-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">book publishing services<\/a> take a completed manuscript through editing, design, formatting, and release. For thought leaders and founders in particular, pairing a ghostwrite with structured <a href=\"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/business-book-writing-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">business book writing services<\/a> keeps the message sharp and the production professional from first draft to launch day.<\/p>\n<section class=\"blogcta\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-7\"><span class=\"h2_hd\">Looking for a professional ghostwriter? Look no further, sign up for our ghostwriting services and avail up to 50% off!<\/span>Our ghostwriters are of the highest standard and are very professional and well versed with writing, so sign up and work with our elite team of ghostwriters!<\/p>\n<div class=\"sbmit-btn col-md-12 \"><a class=\"btn btn-green-border\" href=\"\/contact-us\" type=\"submit\">Contact us<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-5\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"902441\" class=\"elementor elementor-902441 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-blogform0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"blogform0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-blogform2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"blogform2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contact Us<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-blogform1 elementor-button-align-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-form\" data-id=\"blogform1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;button_width&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;step_next_label&quot;:&quot;Next&quot;,&quot;step_previous_label&quot;:&quot;Previous&quot;,&quot;step_type&quot;:&quot;number_text&quot;,&quot;step_icon_shape&quot;:&quot;circle&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"form.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form class=\"elementor-form\" method=\"post\" name=\"Blog Contact\" aria-label=\"Blog Contact\">\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post_id\" value=\"902441\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"form_id\" value=\"blogform1\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"referer_title\" value=\"Hire a Ghostwriter to Write Your Book: Top 5 Best Ways to Do It\" \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"queried_id\" value=\"1284\"\/>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-form-fields-wrapper elementor-labels-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group- elementor-col-50 elementor-field-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-\" class=\"elementor-field-label elementor-screen-only\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tName\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[]\" id=\"form-field-\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-md  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Enter Your Name*\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-tel elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group- elementor-col-50 elementor-field-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-\" class=\"elementor-field-label elementor-screen-only\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhone\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"tel\" name=\"form_fields[]\" id=\"form-field-\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-md  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Enter Your Phone Number*\" required=\"required\" pattern=\"[0-9()#&amp;+*-=.]+\" title=\"Only numbers and phone characters (#, -, *, etc) are accepted.\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-email elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group- elementor-col-100 elementor-field-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-\" class=\"elementor-field-label elementor-screen-only\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEmail\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"email\" name=\"form_fields[]\" id=\"form-field-\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-md  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Enter Your Email Address*\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-textarea elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group- elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-\" class=\"elementor-field-label elementor-screen-only\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProject Details\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<textarea class=\"elementor-field-textual elementor-field  elementor-size-md\" name=\"form_fields[]\" id=\"form-field-\" rows=\"4\" placeholder=\"Enter a Brief Description about your Project\"><\/textarea>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-type-submit elementor-col-100 e-form__buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-md\" type=\"submit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Submit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wrp-faq w3-faq-block w3-faq-has-schema\" data-schema=\"1\">\n<div class=\"wrp-faq__item w3-faq-item open\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"wrp-faq__q w3-faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"wrp-faq-1\"><span>Is hiring a ghostwriter legal and ethical?<\/span><\/button><div class=\"wrp-faq__a w3-faq-answer\" id=\"wrp-faq-1\">Yes. Ghostwriting is entirely legal, and it is an accepted part of publishing. As long as both parties agree in a written contract that the client is credited as the author, there is nothing dishonest about it. Countless memoirs, business books, and novels are produced this way every year.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"wrp-faq__item w3-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"wrp-faq__q w3-faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"wrp-faq-2\"><span>Will the book still be in my voice?<\/span><\/button><div class=\"wrp-faq__a w3-faq-answer\" id=\"wrp-faq-2\" hidden>A skilled ghostwriter&#8217;s whole job is to sound like you, not like themselves. Through interviews, sample writing you provide, and steady feedback on early chapters, they learn your rhythm, vocabulary, and point of view. The more time you spend talking with them early on, the more the finished book will read as authentically yours.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"wrp-faq__item w3-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"wrp-faq__q w3-faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"wrp-faq-3\"><span>How long does it take to ghostwrite a book?<\/span><\/button><div class=\"wrp-faq__a w3-faq-answer\" id=\"wrp-faq-3\" hidden>Most full-length books take between three and nine months. Shorter or simpler projects can move faster, while heavily researched nonfiction and detailed memoir take longer. Your speed in reviewing drafts and answering interview questions is often the deciding factor.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"wrp-faq__item w3-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"wrp-faq__q w3-faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"wrp-faq-4\"><span>Do I own the copyright to a ghostwritten book?<\/span><\/button><div class=\"wrp-faq__a w3-faq-answer\" id=\"wrp-faq-4\" hidden>You should, and your contract must say so clearly. In a standard ghostwriting agreement the client holds the full copyright, keeps all royalties, and is named as the sole author, while the writer relinquishes any authorship claim. Always confirm this in writing before work begins.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"wrp-faq__item w3-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"wrp-faq__q w3-faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"wrp-faq-5\"><span>Can a ghostwriter write fiction as well as nonfiction?<\/span><\/button><div class=\"wrp-faq__a w3-faq-answer\" id=\"wrp-faq-5\" hidden>Yes, though many writers specialize. Some excel at plot-driven novels, others at business or self-help nonfiction, and others at memoir. Hire someone whose samples match the kind of book you want, since the storytelling skills for a thriller differ from those for a leadership guide.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"wrp-faq__item w3-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"wrp-faq__q w3-faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"wrp-faq-6\"><span>What is the difference between a ghostwriter and an editor?<\/span><\/button><div class=\"wrp-faq__a w3-faq-answer\" id=\"wrp-faq-6\" hidden>A ghostwriter creates the manuscript for you, often from little more than notes or interviews. An editor refines a draft you have already written. If you have a finished manuscript that needs polishing, editing is the cheaper and quicker choice. If you have ideas but no draft, ghostwriting is what you need.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"wrp-faq__item w3-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"wrp-faq__q w3-faq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"wrp-faq-7\"><span>How do I avoid getting scammed by a cheap ghostwriting service?<\/span><\/button><div class=\"wrp-faq__a w3-faq-answer\" id=\"wrp-faq-7\" hidden>Be wary of prices that sit far below the market range, since serious book writing is labor intensive and priced accordingly. Insist on real samples, a milestone-based payment schedule rather than full payment up front, independent reviews, and a detailed contract. If a company cannot explain its process clearly or refuses to share writing samples, walk away.<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Final thoughts<\/h2>\n<p>Hiring a ghostwriter to write your book is not a shortcut around hard work. It is a way to turn an idea you believe in into a finished, professional book when you lack the time or the writing craft to do it alone. Get clear on your budget, vet writers by their actual work, insist on a solid contract, and stay involved through interviews and feedback. Do those things well and you end up with a book that carries your name, your voice, and your ideas, written to a standard you would be proud to put on a shelf.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Plenty of people carry a book inside them and never get it onto the page. Maybe the idea is clear but the writing craft is not there yet. Maybe the story is vivid in your head but you cannot find twenty spare hours a week to shape it into a manuscript. Whatever the reason, you [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":903867,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[13],"class_list":["post-1284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ghostwriting-services","tag-book-cover"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1284","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1284"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1284\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":904528,"href":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1284\/revisions\/904528"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/903867"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/westernreflectionspublishing.com\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}